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प्रस्तावना:-
पूँजीवाद आधुनिक युग की अर्थ-व्यवस्था की सर्वाधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण विशेषता रही है। सोलहवीं शताब्दी में अमेरिका महादेश तथा नये समुद्री मार्गों का पता लगाने के फलस्वरूप विश्व-व्यापी पैमाने पर यूरोपीय प्रसार का जो दौर प्रारंभ हुआ उससे यूरोप में पूँजीवाद के उद्भव तथा विकास को जबरदस्त अनुप्रेरणा मिली। पूँजीवाद की परिभाषा अनगिनत हैं। उनमें से अधिकांश सही जान पड़ंेंगी लेकिन उपयोगी शायद दो एक ही हों। उदाहरणार्थ, हम यह कह सकते हैं कि पूँजीवाद वह अर्थव्यवस्था है जिसमें पूँजी का उपयोग होता है। एक अन्य परिभाषा के अनुसार इस अर्थव्यवस्था का उद्देश्य मुनाफा कमाना होता है। दोनों ही परिभाषाएँ सही तो हैं, किंतु दुनिया के हर भाग में तथा हर समय में (निश्चय ही बीसवीं सदी की सोवियत व्यवस्था एक अपवाद हो सकती है) जो भी अर्थव्यवस्था रही हो उसमें पूँजी का उपयोग होता रहा है तथा मुनाफा भी अर्जित किया जाता रहा है। फलतः उपर्युक्त परिभाषाएँ गहन अध्ययन के हेतु उतनी उपयोगी नहीं रह जाती। इसी प्रकार किसी समाज को पूँजीवाद केवल इसलिए कहना ठीक नहीं होगा कि उसके कुछ लोक सर्राफा (बैंक) का काम या मुद्रा की लेनदेन करते हैं। वाणिज्य तथा सूद सहित अथवा सूद रहित मुद्रा की लेनदेन मानव-सभ्यता के इतिहास के समान ही पुरानी है। इस प्रकार उपर्युक्त परिभाषाओं से विभिन्न युगों में या यूरोपीय संगठनों अथवा व्यवस्थाओं के विभिन्न स्वरूप जो विकसित होते रहे हैं, अथवा यूरोपीय आर्थिक पद्धतियाँ गैर यूरोपीय देशों में विकसित आर्थिक पद्धतियों से किन बातों में भिन्न रही, इनको जाँचने-परखने अथवा समझने में सहायता नहीं मिलती।

प्रस्तावना
लोकतांत्रिक शासन व्यवस्था के ढाँचे के अंतर्गत कानूनो, विकास संबंधी, योजनाओं और कार्यक्रमों में विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में महिलाओं की उन्नति का उद्देश्य बनाया गया है। हाल के वर्षो में महिलाओं की स्थिति को अभिनिश्चित करने में महिला सशक्तीकरण को प्रमुख मुद्दे के रूप में माना गया है। भारत में पंचवर्षीय योजना ‘‘1974-78‘‘ में महिलाओं से जुड़े मुद्दों के प्रति कल्याण की बजाय विकास का दृष्टिकोण अपनाया जा रहा है। महिलाओं के अधिकारों एवं कानूनी हक की रक्षा के लिए वर्ष 1990 में संसद के एक अधिनयिम के द्वारा महिला आयोग की स्थापना की गई। भारतीय संविधान में 73 और 74 संविधान संशोधन के द्वारा महिलाओ को प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष पद के लिए आरक्षण की व्यवस्था की गई। इस प्रक्रिया के द्वारा महिलाओं को निर्ण की प्रक्रिया में स्पस्ट रूप से भागीदारी प्रदान हो पायी। तथापि , एक ओर संविधान, विधानों, नीतियों, योजनाओं, कार्यक्रमों और सम्बद्व तंत्रों में प्रतिपादित लक्ष्यों तथा दूसरी ओर भारत में महिलाओं की स्थिति के संबंध में परिस्थितजन्य वास्तविकता के बीच अभी भी बहुत बड़ा अंतर है।

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the global labor market and economic structures at an unprecedented pace. This paper examines the dual effects of AI on employment—displacement of routine and cognitive tasks alongside the creation of new roles—and its implications for economic inequality within and across countries. Drawing on recent empirical studies, international reports, and theoretical frameworks, it analyzes how AI exposure varies by economy type, skill level, and sector. While advanced economies face higher exposure (around 60% of jobs), developing nations risk widening global divides due to uneven adoption. Evidence suggests net job effects may be modestly positive in the medium term, yet AI exacerbates wage and income inequality by favoring high-skilled workers and capital owners. Policy recommendations emphasize reskilling, inclusive innovation, and redistributive measures to ensure AI drives shared prosperity rather than polarization. The analysis underscores the need for proactive governance to harness AI’s productivity gains while mitigating its disruptive social costs.

Keywords : Artificial Intelligence, Transformative, Effects, Significant Opportunities

Abstract

Climate change mitigation remains one of the most pressing global challenges, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continuing to drive unprecedented warming. This paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of mitigation strategies across major economies and regions, drawing on the latest 2025 data from the UNEP Emissions Gap Report, IEA World Energy Outlook, IPCC assessments, and the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2026. Key strategies examined include renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency, carbon pricing, nature-based solutions, and technological innovations such as carbon capture and storage (CCS). While advanced economies like the EU and US have made policy-driven progress through mechanisms like the EU Green Deal and Inflation Reduction Act, emerging powers such as China and India demonstrate rapid scale-up in renewables but face implementation gaps. Developing regions lag due to finance and technology barriers. Global projections indicate that current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) lead to 2.3–2.5°C warming by 2100, far exceeding the Paris Agreement’s 1.5–2°C goals, necessitating 35–55% emissions cuts by 2035. The analysis highlights synergies with adaptation, barriers like geopolitical tensions and fossil fuel lock-in, and policy recommendations for equitable international cooperation, scaled finance, and just transitions. Urgent, ambitious action can still limit overshoot and secure a sustainable future.

Keywods : finance , Determined, Contributions , Mitigation, Performance , Index, Denmark.

भारत के हृदय स्थल में स्थित बिहार राज्य कृषि प्रधान अर्थव्यवस्था का एक जीवंत उदाहरण है। यहाँ की उपजाऊ मिट्टी, समृद्ध जल संसाधन और प्राचीन कृषि परंपराएँ इसे देश का एक प्रमुख कृषि केंद्र बनाती हैं। राज्य की कुल जनसंख्या का लगभग 75 प्रतिशत भाग कृषि तथा इससे जुड़े संबद्ध क्षेत्रों—जैसे पशुपालन, मत्स्य पालन, डेयरी तथा कृषि-आधारित उद्योगों—पर पूर्णतः निर्भर है। राज्य की अर्थव्यवस्था में कृषि का योगदान लगभग 20 प्रतिशत है, जो न केवल रोजगार का मुख्य स्रोत है बल्कि ग्रामीण विकास की नींव भी है। कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्रफल का करीब 84 प्रतिशत भाग कृषि योग्य भूमि के रूप में उपलब्ध है, जो बिहार को देश के अन्य राज्यों से अलग पहचान प्रदान करती है। यहाँ धान, गेहूँ, मक्का, विभिन्न प्रकार की दालें, गन्ना, विश्व प्रसिद्ध शाही लीची, मखाना (फॉक्स नट) तथा सब्जियों की भरपूर विविधता का बड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादन होता है। 2024-25 के तृतीय अग्रिम अनुमान के अनुसार बिहार में खाद्यान्न उत्पादन लगभग 226.81 लाख मीट्रिक टन रहने का अनुमान है, जबकि सब्जियों का उत्पादन 160 लाख टन से भी अधिक है। ये आँकड़े स्पष्ट रूप से दर्शाते हैं कि बिहार कृषि उत्पादन की दृष्टि से कितना समृद्ध है और यहाँ की मिट्टी किसानों के लिए कितनी अनुकूल है। किंतु दुर्भाग्यवश, इन विशाल उत्पादन आँकड़ों के बावजूद किसानों की आय में वांछित वृद्धि नहीं हो पा रही है और कृषि विकास की गति भी अपेक्षित स्तर पर नहीं पहुँच पाई है। इसका मुख्य कारण अपर्याप्त, कमजोर तथा अपर्याप्त रूप से संगठित कृषि विपणन व्यवस्था है। कृषि विपणन व्यवस्था वास्तव में उत्पादन के क्षेत्र से लेकर अंतिम उपभोक्ता तक पहुँचाने की सम्पूर्ण श्रृंखला है। इसमें संग्रहण, भंडारण, परिवहन, ग्रेडिंग, पैकेजिंग, गुणवत्ता निर्धारण, मूल्य निर्धारण तथा अंतिम विक्रय जैसी अनेक महत्वपूर्ण कड़ियाँ शामिल हैं। एक सशक्त विपणन व्यवस्था न केवल किसानों को उनके उत्पाद का उचित एवं लाभकारी मूल्य दिलाती है, बल्कि उत्पादन को प्रोत्साहित भी करती है तथा समग्र कृषि अर्थव्यवस्था को मजबूत एवं गतिशील बनाती है।

बिहार राज्य के कृषि विकास में विपणन व्यवस्था की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का विस्तृत विश्लेषण किया गया है। साथ ही वर्तमान समय में विद्यमान चुनौतियों—जैसे मध्यस्थों का प्रभुत्व, परिवहन सुविधाओं की कमी, भंडारण की अपर्याप्तता, सूचना की कमी तथा बाजार की अस्थिरता—का भी गहन अध्ययन प्रस्तुत किया गया है। अंत में इन समस्याओं के समाधान हेतु संभावित सुधारों, नीतिगत हस्तक्षेपों तथा आधुनिक प्रौद्योगिकी के उपयोग की संभावनाओं पर भी विचार किया गया है। इस प्रकार यह निबंध बिहार की कृषि को नई ऊँचाइयों तक ले जाने के लिए विपणन व्यवस्था को मजबूत बनाने की दिशा में एक सार्थक प्रयास है।

मुख्यशब्द: कृषि विपणन व्यवस्था, बिहार कृषि विकास, किसान आय वृद्धि, मध्यस्थ प्रभुत्व, किसान उत्पादक संगठन (FPO), ई-नाम प्लेटफॉर्म, भंडारण एवं कोल्ड चेन, मूल्य संरक्षण ।

Abstract

Income is central to human development. It determines one’s overall economic opportunities and access to education, health care, nutrition and a better life. In today’s India where the economy is rapidly growing but there are also some structural issues, the precise role of income has never been more important. This paper analyses the per capita income in the mid-2020s informed by data as well as on its relationship with key development indicators including the Human Development Index and multidimensional poverty and the sharp contrasts within and between sectors and states. The latest official sources are the IMF World Economic Outlook April 2026, UNDP Human Development Report 2025, Economic Survey 2025-26, and NITI Aayog multidimensional poverty estimations.  The assessment shows impressive aggregate gains but persistent imbalances. According to the IMF, India’s per capita income is expected to touch about$2812 in 2026 while real GDP growth in FY26 is projected at 7.4 per cent, the highest among major economies.

The Human Development Index improved to 0.685 in October 2021, ranking 130 out of 193 nations. Multidimensional poverty has sharply declined. Nevertheless, the service sector now accounts for over 56 per cent of GVA and has registered a robust growth of 9.1 per cent, while agriculture, which is still employing almost 45 per cent of the workforce, contributes a far lesser proportion to output. Regional inequality is still very stark. The per capita incomes of citizens of southern and western states are far above the national average. An eastern state like Bihar is far below the national average. Wealth inequality is still on agenda though consumption-based Gini may not be so high. This paper shows that while development has benefitted from growth in income, the latter has not yet produced comprehensive results through detailed statistical mapping and sectoral decomposition. The recommendations are concrete and evidence-based and have been aimed at bridging them to ensure that rising incomes truly benefit every section of Indian society moving towards sustainable growth.

Keywords : Development, Index, National, Statistical, Domestic, Employs.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20344368

Abstract

Mushroom cultivation has emerged as an important income-generating enterprise for rural women due to its low investment requirement, short production cycle, and potential for entrepreneurship development. The present study was conducted to assess the level of training exposure and its impact on the knowledge and entrepreneurial potential of women mushroom producers in Bihar. The study was carried out in Gaya and Nalanda districts of Bihar using an ex-post facto research design. A total of 80 women mushroom producers who had previously participated in mushroom cultivation training programmes were selected through purposive random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean.

The findings revealed that the most respondents (87.5%) had attended three or more training programs, while 70.0% had received training of 4–6 days duration. Self-Help Groups (100.0%), Krishi Vigyan Kendras (87.5%), and Agricultural Universities (81.25%) were the major sources of training. Knowledge regarding suitable temperature for mushroom cultivation (93.75%), disease and pest management (90.0%), and storage methods (95.0%) was found to be high among the respondents. However, awareness regarding value-added mushroom products was comparatively lower (50.0%). The study also revealed strong entrepreneurial potential among women mushroom producers, with 92.5% expressing interest in expanding mushroom cultivation as a business, 75.0% reporting independent decision-making ability, and 87.5% acknowledging improvements in social status and self-confidence.
The study concludes that training exposure plays a significant role in enhancing technical knowledge, entrepreneurial aspirations, self-confidence, and income-generating capacity among women mushroom producers. Strengthening training programmes with greater emphasis on value addition, marketing, and enterprise management may further promote women-led mushroom entrepreneurship and contribute to rural livelihood development in Bihar.

Keywords:Mushroom cultivation, Women entrepreneurship, Training exposure, Knowledge level, Entrepreneurial potential, Women empowerment, Bihar.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20665109

Abstract

The Yajnavalkya Smriti (c. 3rd–5th century CE) represents a watershed moment in classical Hindu jurisprudence, marked by a structural shift from the ritual-centric mandates of the dharmasutras to highly institutionalised civil law (vyavahara). This paper examines the representation of women within this text, arguing that it operates on a structural paradox: it simultaneously reinforces patriarchal guardianship while pioneering revolutionary proprietary and inheritance rights for women. Utilizing a framework of feminist legal history, this study analyzes how Yajnavalkya’s expansive codification of Stridhana (women’s wealth) and the prioritization of the widow (patni) and daughter (duhita) in succession hierarchies challenged older normative models, such as the Manusmriti. The article demonstrates that while socio-religious parameters remained deeply restrictive, the economic positioning of women in the Yajnavalkya Smriti laid the foundational groundwork for early medieval legal agency, eventually institutionalised by Vijnanesvara’s  Mitakshara school.

Keywords: Yajnavalkya Smriti, Stridhana, Feminist Jurisprudence, Vyavahara, Ancient Indian Law, Succession.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21478621

Abstract

The Sātavāhana Empire (circa 2nd century BCE – 3rd century CE) occupies a pivotal position in the early historic Deccan. While epigraphic records and Puranic genealogies offer a framework for reconstructing Sātavāhana history, numismatic evidence provides the most granular insights into the dynasty's economic vitality, geopolitical shifts, and cultural synthesis. This article analyzes Sātavāhana coinage through a multidisciplinary lens, examining typological evolution, metallurgical composition, and regional distribution. It investigates how the transition from punch-marked varieties to die-struck base metals reflected a highly localized administrative strategy. Special attention is paid to the silver portrait series initiated by Gautamīputra Sātakarṇi, which served as a medium of political counter-striking against the Western Kṣatrapas and a tool for dynastic legitimation. By integrating quantitative metallurgical data with spatial distribution models, this paper argues that Sātavāhana coinage was not merely a medium of exchange, but a sophisticated apparatus of imperial communication and economic integration that linked the Deccan to trans-oceanic trade networks.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21514306

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital technologies has transformed human attention into a valuable economic resource. Digital platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, WhatsApp, and X employ algorithmic systems to capture, retain, and monetize user engagement, significantly influencing identity formation and social mobilization in contemporary India. This study examines the commodification of attention through a historical methodology, using both primary data (digital platforms, policy documents, and public campaigns) and secondary data (books, journal articles, government reports, and institutional publications). It argues that while algorithmic platforms have expanded information access and civic participation, they have also intensified surveillance, behavioural manipulation, and political polarization, necessitating ethical governance and greater digital literacy.

Keywords : Attention Economy; Digital Algorithms; Platform Capitalism; Quotidian Identity; Social Mobilization; Surveillance Capitalism; Contemporary India.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21628728

The vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 symbolises aspirations of India to become a developed, innovative, and globally competitive nation by the centenary of its independence. To achieve this ambitious objective, it requires not only economic growth and technological advancement but also educational empowerment of every citizen. Adult education occupies a significant place in this transformation as millions of adults in India continue to encounter barriers arising from illiteracy, digital exclusion, inadequate vocational skills, and limited awareness of their constitutional rights and civic responsibilities. Adult education extends beyond the traditional understanding of literacy by developing a deeper understanding of lifelong learning, skill development, financial literacy, digital competence, health awareness and social empowerment. It allows individuals to improve their livelihoods, effectively participate in democratic governance, adopt technological innovations, and contribute to sustainable development. The paper studies the depth of initiatives undertaken by the Government of India, which include National Education Policy 2020 and the New India Literacy Programme, to strengthen adult learning systems. Adding further, it identifies the pivotal challenges that affect adult education, like inadequate infrastructure, socio-economic disparities, gender inequalities, digital divides, and limited public awareness. The study concludes by stating that adult education is not just a welfare programme but a strategic investment in nation-building. Adult education can be strengthened through innovative policies, participation of communities, digital advancements and public-private partnerships by 2047.
Keywords:  Adult Education, Human Capital, Digital Literacy, Inclusive Development, Skill Development, National Education Policy 2020, Sustainable Development, Social Empowerment.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21876193

Abstract

The debate surrounding the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) represents one of the most complex constitutional questions in India, particularly in relation to gender justice and equality. Article 44 of the Indian Constitution directs the State to endeavour to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens; however, the coexistence of religion-based personal laws continues to regulate matters such as marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance, and adoption (Basu, 2023). While these personal laws were historically preserved to respect cultural autonomy and religious diversity, several of their provisions have been criticised for perpetuating gender-based inequalities and patriarchal norms (Agnes, 1999; Sen, 2012). This paper examines the constitutional vision of the Uniform Civil Code through the lens of gender justice and substantive equality. It analyses how differential personal laws often result in unequal protection of women’s rights across religious communities, thereby creating a tension between constitutional guarantees of equality and the preservation of religious freedom (Menski, 2003). By engaging with constitutional provisions such as Articles 14, 15, 21, and 44, the study explores whether a uniform legal framework can serve as an effective mechanism for ensuring gender equality while respecting India’s pluralistic social structure. The paper also critically evaluates key judicial pronouncements including Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985), Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India (1995), Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017), Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001), and John Vallamattom v. Union of India (2003), which have significantly shaped the discourse on personal laws and gender justice. Using a doctrinal and analytical methodology, the study argues that gender justice must remain central to any discussion on the UCC rather than framing it solely as an instrument of national integration or legal uniformity. The paper concludes that although the Uniform Civil Code holds the potential to advance constitutional equality and women’s empowerment, its implementation must be gradual, inclusive, and sensitive to India’s cultural diversity (Dhagamwar, 1989). A rights-based and gender-sensitive framework rooted in constitutional morality is essential to ensure that the UCC becomes a transformative instrument for substantive equality rather than a mechanism of cultural imposition.
Keywords: Uniform Civil Code, Gender Justice, Indian Constitution, Personal Laws, Constitutional Morality, Women’s Rights, Substantive Equality
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22007236